Cannabis Education 101: Terpenes

Terpenes are more than just the source of cannabis’s signature aromas; they are integral to the plant’s therapeutic potential. Whether you’re seeking relaxation, pain relief, or an energizing boost, understanding the role of terpenes can help you choose cannabis products that align with your needs. Next time you open a jar of cannabis, take a moment to savor the scent—it’s nature’s way of showing what it can do.

Terpenes are aromatic, naturally occurring compounds that give plants and flowers their distinct smells. They’re responsible for the floral notes in lavender, the citrusy zest of an orange peel, and the earthy pungency of pine trees. But terpenes do more than just appeal to our noses; they serve critical roles in the plant kingdom. For example, the floral scent of lavender attracts pollinators, while the sharp, sulfurous smell of garlic deters herbivores and pests. Similarly, cannabis plants use their terpenes as both a defense mechanism and a means of interaction with their environment.

Humans have discovered that the benefits of terpenes extend beyond the plants themselves. When combined with other medicinal compounds, terpenes can have therapeutic effects. Cannabis is particularly rich in terpenes, with over 120 identified so far! While many of these are present in trace amounts, a handful of terpenes are more prominent and are believed to contribute significantly to the plant’s medicinal properties.

Here are some of the most common terpenes found in cannabis and their potential benefits:

1. Limonene

Limonene is responsible for the citrusy aroma found in strains like Lemon Haze! Beyond its pleasant scent, limonene is believed to:

• Elevate mood and relieve stress.

• Possess antifungal and antibacterial properties.

• Support digestive health.

2. Myrcene

Myrcene is often found in high concentrations. It emits an earthy, musky scent reminiscent of cloves. Potential benefits of myrcene include:

• Sedative effects that promote relaxation and sleep.

• Anti-inflammatory properties.

• Enhancing the absorption of cannabinoids.

3. Pinene

Pinene has a fresh, pine-like aroma and is found in both cannabis and other plants like pine trees and rosemary. Its benefits may include:

• Improved focus and memory.

• Anti-inflammatory effects, particularly for respiratory issues.

• Antimicrobial properties.

4. Linalool

Linalool gives lavender its calming floral scent and is also found in cannabis. Known for its soothing effects, linalool may:

• Help reduce anxiety and depression.

• Aid in pain relief.

• Enhance immune function.

5. Eucalyptol

As its name suggests, eucalyptol is the primary terpene in eucalyptus, with a fresh, minty aroma. In cannabis, eucalyptol is believed to:

• Provide anti-inflammatory and antibacterial benefits.

• Improve respiratory health.

• Enhance focus and energy.

6. γ-Terpinene

This terpene is found in spices like cumin and coriander, as well as some citrus fruits. In cannabis, γ-terpinene may:

• Offer antioxidant properties.

• Support healthy immune function.

• Reduce inflammation.

7. β-Caryophyllene

Unlike most terpenes, β-caryophyllene also interacts with the body’s endocannabinoid system. Found in black pepper and cloves, it’s known for its spicy, peppery aroma. Potential benefits include:

• Pain relief.

• Anti-anxiety effects.

• Anti-inflammatory properties.

8. Caryophyllene Oxide

A derivative of β-caryophyllene, this terpene has a slightly woody scent. It is known to:

• Enhance antifungal and antimicrobial activity.

• Contribute to the characteristic smell of cannabis that drug-sniffing dogs detect.

9. Nerolidol

Nerolidol is found in ginger, jasmine, and tea tree oil. Its woody, citrusy scent is accompanied by potential therapeutic effects such as:

• Anti-anxiety and sedative properties.

• Antifungal and antibacterial benefits.

• Skin penetration enhancement, making it useful in topicals.

10. Phytol

Phytol is a byproduct of chlorophyll, with a grassy aroma. Its potential benefits include:

• Antioxidant properties.

• Anti-anxiety effects.

• Supporting overall relaxation and wellness.

The Entourage Effect

One of the fascinating aspects of cannabis terpenes is their ability to work synergistically with cannabinoids, such as THC and CBD. This phenomenon, known as the "entourage effect," suggests that terpenes and cannabinoids enhance each other’s therapeutic properties when consumed together. For example, myrcene may increase the permeability of cell membranes, allowing cannabinoids to take effect more efficiently.